- Risks of dust fires and explosions: A review of European test methods

Industry handles many different materials that are combustible and fires occasionally occur. It is little known, however, that fine particulate material (dust or powder) not only has the potential to burn, but also to explode - a so-called ’dust explosion’. Materials known to be susceptible include coal, sawdust, flour, sugar and powdered milk. Prevention and protection together control the hazard of industrial dust explosions, and a detailed knowledge of a dust’s ignition and explosion properties underpins the whole basis of safety. To that end, a number of European test standards have been developed to properly measure and document a dust’s properties and characteristics. This Information Paper describes the tests and how the results may be applied in practice to protect people, plant and property.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

- Self-heating and spontaneous combustion - Isothermal test methods

Spontaneous ignition resulting from slow oxidation of combustible material can be an industrial fire hazard and is known to occur in a wide variety of materials given the right conditions. Pulverised coal, milk powder and dried sewage sludge are well known as having the potential for self-heating leading to combustion, but there are many other industrial examples. This Information Paper describes a simple and powerful test method that can be used to assess the spontaneous ignition hazard of particulate matter.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

Fenestration - Determining the minimum thermal resistance of cavity closers

Cavity closers, typically plastic extruded sections, are used to close off cavities at window or door openings in wall constructions. This Information Paper gives guidance on determining the design thermal resistance of cavity closers as defined in Accredited Construction Details. Additional instruction and procedures are given and illustrated by worked examples. The guidance is intended for designers, certifiers and manufacturers in assessing the adequacy of the thermal performance of both proprietary and ad-hoc cavity closers. - Practical guidance linked to Accredited Construction Details - Worked examples make it easy to understand the method of calculation - Detailed worked examples illustrate how to apply the guidance

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £15.00 |

IP 15/98 - Water conservation

Water conservation has become increasingly important in the UK as demand for water has increased and shortfalls in supply have occurred. There is growing public awareness of the scarcity of water in some areas of the UK and of its economic value. The benefits of conserving water include: maintaining the availability of the water supply during drought periods; reduced pumping and treatment costs (with associated energy savings); wastewater reduction, protection of the environment and the possible reduction in costs for the consumer.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP 2/10 - Ground source heat pumps

Low-carbon technologies come in many forms, one of the most obvious being the solar panels now found on many buildings around the UK. A less obvious but increasingly popular option is to harness heat (geothermal) energy from the ground through the use of a ground source heat pump (GSHP). This Information Paper provides an introduction to how GSHPs work and the applications that they can be used for. It also looks at two case studies where GSHPs have been installed. Most importantly, it explains how GSHPs represent a low-carbon energy option.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £12.00 |

IP 2/12 - Smart meters and smart energy networks for dwellings

Great Britain is making a strong commitment to smart meters and the role of smart meters as a focal point for smart energy management in homes. This Information Paper outlines the options available  for automatic meter reading, monitoring and management and the challenges in implementing these technologies.

Several national initiatives are running in parallel with the smart meter programme. Coordinating these programmes will maximise the return on the substantial investment for each programme. The Paper aims to inform building and energy professionals and building owners about the exciting opportunities available through implementing smart meter technology.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.50 |

IP 4/01 - Reducing impact and structure-borne sound in buildings

Noise from neighbours is one of the principal causes of complaint about the indoor environment in dwellings. The noise is generated by airborne sound sources such as speech, or by impact sound sources such as footsteps on floors and stairs, banging doors and plumbing. This paper describes methods for reducing impact and structure-borne sound in buildings using both remedial treatments and design features. The advice will be mainly of use to architects, builders, and others concerned with designing new buildings or upgrading existing ones.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP 7/09 - Carbon reduction commitment

This Information Paper explains how the carbon reduction commitment (CRC) scheme will work, its rationale, implications for participating organisations and how participants should prepare for its introduction. The CRC marks the first major expansion into the built environment of carbon trading and will be closely watched by policy-makers across Europe and around the world. In April 2010, the UK government is launching a pioneering, mandatory carbon trading scheme for large non-energy intensive organisations. The CRC will ultimately cap the carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel and electricity use of around 5000 organisations, such as banks, retail chains, local authorities, hospitals and universities, estimated to be responsible for approximately 10% of the CO2 emitted in the UK.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £15.00 |

IP 9/12 - Assessing the fire performance of existing reinforced concrete flooring systems

This Information Paper provides information on assessing the fire performance of existing reinforced concrete flooring systems using tabulated values from national standards and the Eurocode for the design of concrete structures, as well as experience from assessment of existing buildings and research by the Fire Research Station (now part of BRE Group). It will help clients, contractors and building control authorities to estimate levels of performance provided by specific forms of construction, many of which are incorporated within existing buildings but are no longer in widespread use as current construction systems.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £15.95 |

IP 9/98 - Energy efficient concrete walls using EPS permanent formwork

Discusses the buildability aspects of, and the adequacy of the structural fabric provided by, EPS permanent formwork systems.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP/7/85 - The cost effectiveness of heat pumps in highly insulated dwellings: an assessment

It was found that savings in the running costs of electric heat pumps compared with most conventional central heating systems do not currently justify their extra capital cost. This paper discusses how, once a 40 per cent reduction in capital cost, a 43 per cent increase in performance, or smaller improvements in both, are achieved, the heat pump will be cost-effective as a replacement for oil-fired heating. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/01 - Environmental benchmarking for property portfolio managers

This paper describes the development of a straightforward approach to the environmental benchmarking of whole stocks of non-domestic buildings. This approach provides a quick and easy method for property managers to produce an environmental profile of their stock. An environmental profile of a stock of property can be used: as a key part of environmental management and reporting practices, as an aid to making investment decisions on renovation, disposal or purchasing, to manage risk by highlighting poorly performing buildings and as an integral part of the cost accounting for the portfolio (the DETR policy paper ’Building a better quality of life’ states that from the year 2001 commercial property owners will be expected to pay a Climate Change Levy (or tax) on their business-related CO2 emissions) 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/08 - The price of sustainable schools - how much does it cost to achieve BREEAM Schools ratings?

This Information Paper identifies the additional capital costs associated with a range of sustainable and low- or zero-carbon solutions for a primary and secondary school. It shows how significant improvements in the sustainability performance of a building can be achieved at little additional cost. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/09 - Performance and service life in the Environmental Profiles Methodology and Green Guide to Specification

The environmental footprint of buildings can be minimised by careful selection of materials and products, taking account of their application and use, and their effect on building performance and service life. This Information Paper explains the principles behind BRE’s approach to service life determination, details how this was used in updating the Environmental Profiles Methodology and The Green Guide to Specification, and explains how the service life information in these tools was generated.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £12.00 |

IP1/10 - Micro-wind turbines on tall buildings

The wind resource available over tall buildings can be significant, even in urban areas. However, the potential for power generation from wind turbines mounted on tall buildings is often not realised due to inappropriate siting of the turbine. The lack of information available to building owners about siting of turbines in these situations prompted BRE to carry out a wind tunnel study to measure the wind characteristics over a range of common building forms. This Information Paper presents some simple rules for siting wind turbines on tall buildings in order to maximise the power output.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £12.00 |

IP1/83 - Depth factor adjustments in the determination of characteristic bending stresses for visually stress graded timber

Summarises an examination of the effect of beam depth on the bending strength of timber for application in the determination of characteristic bending stresses. 2 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/84 - BREVAC: A mechanised method of emptying sanitation chambers

To complement the development of permanent double-pit latrines in developing countries, BRE has developed a mechanised method for emptying all types of on-site sanitation system. This method, known as BREVAC, dispenses with manual emptying which is often offensive and hazardous to health. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/86 - Reliability of underground heat mains in the UK

Provides objective data on the reliability and costs in use of heat distribution networks in districty heating schemes throughout the country, based primarily on the experience and records of owners and operators. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/87 - Investing in energy efficiency: Domestic hot water systems

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/88 - Techniques for monitoring ground movement above abandoned limestone mines

Describes precision water-levels and extensometers designed and used by BRE to research long term horizontal and vertical ground movements above an abandoned limestone mine in an urban area of the West Midlands. Details are also given of the borehole electro-level. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/89 - Domestic warm-air heating systems using low-grade heat sources

The practicability of using warm-air distribution systems with low-temperature heat sources (eg, solar, heat pump and geothermal) has been demonstrated in a test room. A wide range of conditions were studied, and optimal air-supply rates and source temperatures for comfortable conditions determined. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/90 - High-tech mixed-use buildings: attitudes to energy efficiency

An overview of market research into high-tech, mixed-use office and industrial developments. Attitudes to energy efficiency and environment are examined in relation to the process of building selection and development. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/92 - Locks on doors and flats: ergonomic requirements

Gives guidance on the design and selection of locks that most people, including the elderly, can open in 5 seconds or less and so escape quickly from a flat in the event of an emergency. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/93 - Emergency wayfinding lighting systems

Guidance on the use of emergency wayfinding lighting systems as an alternative or supplement to traditional lighting of emergency escape routes. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/94 - Minimising refrigerant emissions from air conditioning systems in buildings

Tells building owners, operators and their consultants what they can do to minimise leakage of harmful refrigerants (CFCs and HCFCs). 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/95 - Cockroach infestation of dwellings in the UK

Cockroaches carry bacteria and cause allergies, and are therefore a distinct health hazard. They cannot easily be excluded from dwellings, but attention to design and detailing can minimise the risk of spread and permit more effective treatment. This IP gives guidance on remedial measures. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/96 - Management of construction and demolition wastes

In order to make informed decisions on waste management policies it is necessary to be aware of what wastes are likely to arise, the waste management options available for those wastes, and the legal requirements for those options. Also, there is now greater emphasis on deciding waste management policy in terms of the best practicable environmental option. This paper discusses these issues in the context of construction and demolition wastes. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/98 - Magnesian limestone aggregate in concrete: performance; durability; testing; European standards

A testing programme on Magnesian limestones from 30 sources has been used to demonstrate that the performance of these materials in concrete compares favourably with that of harder and more consistant materials such as Carboniferous limestones. Research has also shown a good correlation between durability and the size of pores within the aggregates. Both strength and frost resistance are discussed in relation to new specification guidance for aggregates drafted for inclusion in European Standards. This paper will help those responsible for the design and specification of concrete and for the planning of aggregate supply. It replaces IP2/91 which is now withdrawn. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP1/99 - Untied cavity party walls: Structural performance when using AAC blockwork

Unwanted noise is the most frequent cause of complaint by occupiers of dwellings with party walls. Therefore the concept of a cavity party wall (separating wall) for domestic housing, built with loadbearing masonry but without wall ties to connect the two leaves, has generated wide interest. Such a wall would give better sound resistance than equivalent tied structures because ties provide sound pathways between leaves. Strictly, though, an untied wall structure would not comply with the structural stability requirements of the current Building Regulations.This paper describes a series of element tests, followed by a full scale model test, that show that an untied cavity party wall can be a stable structure and achieve satisfactory sound attenuation.This paper will interest manufacturers and suppliers of AAC blocks, and building designers and specifiers. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/00 - Flooring, Paving and Setts - Requirements for safety in use

This Information Paper summarises a programme of research that included studies of the slip resistance of products in use, the wear and abrasion of materials, and the overall durability when subjected to vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The project concentrated on natural stone products but also included a comparison of similar products. The work was carried out between 1995 and 1997 so that the results were available to CEN/TC 178 Working Group 2 during the drafting of the European Standards for natural stone paving, setts and kerbs. This paper will be of interest to architects, specifiers, facilities managers, local authority highways engineers, contractors, and manufacturers and suppliers. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/01 - Lightweight veneer stone cladding panels

This Information Paper reviews current knowledge on the use of thin stone veneer as part of composite cladding panels. In collaboration with industry, a limited research programme was carried out to identify potential problems associated with thin veneer stone cladding. Three main areas were considered: its vulnerability to impact damage, the effect of repeated wetting and drying cycles, and the effect of differential thermal movement between the stone veneer and the backing material. This IP replaces IP 17/98. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/02 - Metal cladding: assessing the thermal performance of built-up systems which use 'Z' spacers

This Information Paper describes a method for determining the thermal performance of insulated double-skin metal roof and wall systems used in the UK that incorporate "Z" spacers. It can be used to demonstrate compliance with the 2002 editions of the building regulations. The method takes account of the thermal bridging caused by the metal connecting paths between inner liner and outer sheet. This paper replaces IP5/98.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/08 - Safe and secure town centres at night: An introduction to the BRE toolkit

This Information Paper outlines a method of assessing the management of town centres at night. It introduces a tool that has been developed by BRE to provide a comprehensive coverage of all the issues involved in alcohol-related violence and disorder. The Paper summarises the categories contained in the toolkit and explains how they can be used by stakeholders in their decision-making processes to reduce crime and disorder in the night-time economy.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £15.00 |

IP10/82 - A basis for the revision of scales for sanitary accomodation in schools

Rational scales of provision for sanitary appliances in schools are proposed, based on data collected on the use of cloakroom accommodation collected in a number of schools and incorporated in a computer simulation model. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/83 - British Standard BS 5821:1980: Ratings of the sound insulation of floating party floors (photocopy)

Earlier papers listed floors tested to obtain field data on common types and gave performance ratings for airborne and impact insulation in terms of ’aggregate adverse deviations’ (AADs) relative to Grade I reference values. Ratings in terms of the system defined in BS 5821:1980 are given here on the basis of the same data. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £14.00 |

IP10/84 - The structural condition of prefabricated reinforced concrete houses designed before 1960 (Photocopy)

BRE has undertaken structural evaluations of the present condition of several common types of prefabricated reinforced concrete (PRC) house designed before 1960. This paper summarises the findings on the types inspected and suggests some implications for these types of house. 3 pages. Available only as a photocopy.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/85 - The conformance of masonry mortars and their constituent sands with British Standards

Describes how ready-to-use mortars were found to have better strength and working properties than site-mixed mortars, but a disapppointing lack of conformance with British Standards. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/86 - Weatherproof joints in large panel systems: 3. Investigation and diagnosis of failure

Third in a series of three publications to assist engineers in local authorities and elsewhere in appraisal, maintenance and repair of large panel system dwellings. Should be read in conjunction with IP 8/86 and IP 9/86. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/87 - Polymer modified grc

Describes the mechanical properties of polymer-modified grc made by using CemFIL alkali-resistant glass fibres as the reinforcement and OPC or OPC and pfa as the matrix. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/88 - The performance of gas-fired condensing boilers in family housing

A review of the results and lessons learned from an extensive programme of monitoring family houses in which gas-fired condensing boilers for space and domestic hot water heating were compared with houses containing conventional boilers. Economic aspects of operating the boilers are considered. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/89 - Building management systems: user experiences

A review of building management systems (BMS) users’ experience covering, particularly, the benefits of BMS, the improvements in systems’ performance between 1984 and 1987, problem areas, and the choice of BMS to match the operating environment and users’ skills. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/91 - The selection of timber for exterior joinery from the genus Shorea

Offers specifiers and joinery manufacturers a set of possible selection criteria for stocks, suggests a selection procedure which can improve the overall durability of Shorea timber used for joinery and shows the importance of preservative treatment. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/92 - Design of masonry walls subjected to concentrated vertical loads

Current codes of practice for the design of such walls are inaccurate. This paper deals with the main parameters that affect local bearing stresses and gives design guidance. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/93 - Avoiding latent mortar defects in masonry

Mortar defects in masonry fall into two categories: those that are visually obvious at the time of construction, and the latent and built-in defects that make their presence felt only later. This paper suggests various means of reducing latent defects so as to avoid problems if the masonry is subjected to unduly onerous conditions. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/94 - Energy use by office equipment: reducing long-term running costs

This paper explains how a better understanding of the power needs of office equipment can lead to cost savings through the use of energy-efficient equipment and a reduction in office cooling requirements. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/95 - Daylighting design for display screen equipment

This paper describes practical techniques to realise the benefits of daylight in interiors with display-screen equipment. It deals with potential problems of screen reflections and glare that can arise in daylit spaces. It will be of interest to all those involved in the design, maintenance and refurbishment of buildings where display-screen equipment is used. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/97 - Assessment of emergency wayfinding lighting systems in smoke

Offers a basis for an interim method for assessment of wayfinding systems for visual effectiveness in smoke. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/98 - Resistance of masonry paints to microbial attack

Describes the range of organisms involved, the conditions required for growth and the influence of substrate and paint film on the rate of colonisation. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP10/99 - Cleaning exterior masonry: Assessing cleaning of a brick-built church

4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/00 - Ties for masonry walls: a decade of development

The background development and early evolution of wall ties was reviewed in two BRE Information Papers  16/88 and 17/88. This IP covers the further development over the last decade and anticipates the future CEN (European) standard, the draft EN 845-1, which embodies much of the philosophy of DD140 but, inevitably, modified to meet a consensus requirement of the 18 participating countries. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/01 - Delayed ettringite formation: in-situ concrete

Ettringite is commonly formed at early ages in concrete cured under ambient conditions; this is not damaging to the concrete. But if the concrete was subjected to high temperatures during curing, ettringite formation may be delayed. Its gradual formation in the cooled, set concrete can lead to expansion and cracking in a process known as ’delayed ettringite formation’ (DEF). It can take up to 20 years for cracking to become apparent.This Information Paper, which is mainly concerned with in-situ concrete, identifies circumstances in which DEF may cause problems. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/07 - Naturally innovative - using biomimetics in construction

Learning from nature is not generally associated with the construction industry, but biomimetics (design inspired by nature) has huge potential for inspiring innovations - as testified by the reflective Catseye® road studs familiar to road users all over the world. However, much of UK industry (including construction) is unaware of the potential for biomimetics. This Information Paper illustrates how biomimetics has been used in construction and explores its potential to provide the industry with innovative materials, processes and structures of all kinds. Examples range from water lilies and honeycombs to tree structures and self-cleaning paint. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/10 - Sustainability in foundations - A review

There is increasing interest in sustainable development, ’zero-carbon’ buildings and use of local, renewable, recycled and low-embodied-energy materials in construction. Cost considerations and ease of construction tend to dictate foundation choice. This may not always result in the most sustainable option. This Information Paper presents a review of the sustainability agenda, details influences on current foundation practice, discusses methodologies for assessing the sustainability of foundations and presents best practice guidance. Although some of the points discussed are relevant to foundations in general, this paper principally deals with the foundations of low-rise buildings, and housing in particular.(A4, 12pp)

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £15.00 |

IP11/79 - Painting plastics

Applying the wrong sort of paint can change the nature of a plastic component and shorten its life. This paper advises on the best way to prepare plastics for painting and discusses which paints should be used. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/84 - BRE Screed tester: classifications of screeds, sampling and acceptance limits (Available only as a photocopy)

Describes how the BRE Screed Tester can be used to assess the soundness of floor screeds. It classifies screeds into three categories according to their use and gives acceptance limits for each category. 4 pages. N.B. This will be a photocopy.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/86 - Properties of grc containing pfa

Reviews the long-term strength properties of grc made from OPC and CemFIL alkali-resistant glass fibres with pfa. Results of research on similar grc composites reinforced by the improved CemFIL2 fibre shows the benefits obtained through the use of this material. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/89 - Space and hot water heating: energy-efficiency in large gas-fired systems

Some schemes for large gas-fired systems may lead to operating inefficiencies. The author describes some simple energy-efficient measures that can be applied to the design and specification of centralised heating plants for residential accommodation. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/90 - The BRESIM technique for measuring air infiltration rates in large dwellings

BRESIM is a simplified technique for non-specialists to determine approximately the infiltration and ventilation rates of large and complex buildings. This paper describes the underlying basis of BRESIM, including the equipment and procedures used, and its application to two dissimilar buildings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/91 - Durability studies of pfa concrete structures

Describes the findings of an investigation of structures built within the last 33 years using pulverised-fuel ash (pfa) and ordinary Portland cement concrete. A range of properties was measured on concrete cores taken from these structures. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/92 - Schedules for the preservation of hem-fir timber

Describes the results achieved by three different schedules for the application of organic-solvent preservatives by double-vacuum processes tailored to meet the special requirements of hem-fir timber. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/93 - Ecolabelling of building materials and building products

Building specifiers are demanding more information on the environmental impacts of building materials and products, encouraged in part by a European Community regulation on ecolabelling. This paper describes the development of criteria for the award of a label, including consideration of the whole life-cycle of products. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/94 - Financial benefits of energy efficiency to housing landlords

A new study shows how housing landlords can benefit financially by investing in energy efficiency measures. For every £1 potentially saved by tenants, a similar saving is available to the landlord in previously unquantified management and maintenance costs. This information will be of particular interest to housing managers and others responsible for targeting investment in social housing. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/95 - Control of biological growths on stone

This paper provides guidance on the control of biological growths on external stone surfaces. It describes the types of growth occurring on external stone and their potential effects on the stone and reports on comparative tests on the efficacy of different types of control procedures using chemical washes. It does not name the commercial products used, as many have been withdrawn or reformulated since the beginning of the trials. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/97 - Progress in European standarisation for the protection and repair of concrete

This paper describes the latest developments in European Standards for the protection and repair of concrete. The standards include materials specifications and test methods for coatings, mortars and other repair materials. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP11/98 - Assessing carbonation depth in ageing high alumina cement concrete

This paper describes sampling techniques and methods of carbonation assessment based on petrography (optical microscopy) and pH indicators. Tests at BRE on eight different indicators have identified two (m-cresol purple and bromocresol purple) that can be applied with reasonable success to ageing concretes. However, care is needed both in their use and in the interpretation of the results. Attention is drawn to aspects of these assessment methods in which special care may be needed, such as in assessing concrete which is damp or partially carbonated. This paper is intended for engineers and materials testing professionals. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/00 - Positive input ventilation in dwellings

Positive input ventilation is the usual name for systems in which �fresh� air is supplied to a dwelling from the roof space by means of a fan. While there is anecdotal evidence that these units can improve indoor humidity conditions, measurements of performance have been few. This paper summarises results from performance measurements in a BRE test house and in 15 occupied dwellings. It will be of interest to dwelling designers, landlords and domestic property managers.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/00 - Positive input ventilation in dwellings

Positive input ventilation is the usual name for systems in which ’fresh’ air is supplied to a dwelling from the roof space by means of a fan. It was originally developed in the 1970s to deal with condensation in dwellings without adversely affecting the operation of open-flued combustion appliances. While there is considerable anecdotal evidence that the installation of these units can improve indoor humidity conditions, measurements of performance have been few. This paper gives a summary of the results from performance measurements made in a BRE test house and in 15 occupied dwellings. It will be of particular interest to dwelling designers, landlords and domestic property managers. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/01 - Hot air repair of PVC-U profiles

The numbers of PVC-U windows, doors and conservatories in the UK, particularly in housing, is increasing rapidly. BRE has been investigating the effectiveness of hot air repair techniques on dents in PVC-U profiles, typically seen as a result of damage caused by a burglar. Hot air repair on PVC-U frames requires a high level of training and skill to produce satisfactory repairs. Where feasible, hot air repair is a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution than replacement. BRE trials on colour fastness of repaired profiles under conditions of artificial weathering indicate no significant effects on colour or gloss. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/08 - An introduction to PassivHaus - A guide for UK application

This Information Paper provides an introduction to the key principles of PassivHaus design for developers, architects and aspiring self-builders. The term "PassivHaus" refers to a voluntary, ultra-low-energy construction standard developed in the early 1990s at the PassivHaus Institut, Darmstadt, Germany. The focus of PassivHaus design is to dramatically reduce the requirement for space heating and cooling. This can be achieved without compromising comfort or needing to rely on the falling costs of renewable energy technologies. PassivHaus incorporates some features of passive design (a solar efficient design combined with high thermal efficiency) but incoming fresh air is pre-heated using a carefully designed ventilation system; this is an ’active’ approach.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £12.00 |

IP12/80 - Deterioration due to corrosion in reinforced concrete

Discusses ways of assessing the deterioration caused by corrosion in reinforced concrete: methods of repairing the concrete and the implications for future design and construction. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/82 - House longhorn beetle survey (Available only as a photocopy)

Describes the damage caused to timber by the house longhorn beetle, the distribution of the insect in the UK and the area within which preservative treatment of softwood roofing timbers is mandatory. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/83 - Water economy with the Skevington/BRE controlled flush valve for WCs

A method of reducing water consumption by WC suites is to convert existing cisterns so that each user can control the amount of water flushed. One device is the Skevington/BRE valve, designed to be versatile, cheap and easy to install. Monitoring of trial installations has shown the device to be reliable and capable of saving up to 40 per cent of the water normally used for WC flushing. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/84 - Assessing the performance of timber frame wall panels subject to racking loads

It is necessary to assess the performance of wall panels by testing, and this paper proposes a method of test suitable for this purpose. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/85 - Lead driers in paint: implications of their removal

Summarises the results of an investigation carried out on behalf of the Central Directorate of Environmental Protection. It demonstrates that lead driers can be reduced from accepted levels in paints without serious disadvantage and that new paints, with alternative driers, can be formulated without a reduction in performance. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/86 - Site-applied adhesives - failures and how to avoid them

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/88 - Summer condensation on vapour checks: tests with battened, internally-insulated walls

Some of the factors controlling condensation on the back of vapour checks during a summer were compared in an experimental building. The number of days that condensation was present depended on orientation, materials and conditions. Remedies were tested with varying degrees of success. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/89 - The insulation of dwellings against external noise

This paper describes the relationship between the levels of noise from road traffic and different types of window. Various methods used to quantify noise reduction are considered, together with methods for maintaining ventilation while achieving reduced noise levels. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/90 - Corrosion of steel wall ties: history of occurrence, background and treatment

This paper describes the history and epidemiology of wall tie corrosion and some methods for remedial action. Reinstatement of walls is often feasible and at much less cost compared with rebuilding. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/92 - Energy audits and surveys

Gives an overview of good practice in implementing energy audits and surveys in commercial, industrial and public-sector buildings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/93 - Heat losses through windows

Shows that heat losses through windows are affected by radiator siting (under the window or on a side wall), by sill depth, curtains, double glazing and low-emissivity glazing, and that trickle ventilators have little effect on heat loss. Describes a useful experimental strategy for measuring heat losses through windows and concludes that more research is needed into the influence of window geometry. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/95 - Controlling mould growth by using fungicidal paints

Fungicidal paints can prove effective as part of the overall strategy for preventing mould growth caused by dampness in dwellings. This paper provides information on the methods BRE have developed to assess these products, and gives recommendations for cleaning and redecoration procedures. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/97 - Plastics recycling in the construction industry

This paper discusses the options available to the construction industry for recycling waste plastics materials. It summarises standard terminology, and gives examples of recycling initiatives already in place. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP12/98 - Trickle ventilators in offices

Trickle ventilators are identified in Approved Document F as a means of providing natural background ventilation in office buildings. Research at BRE determined their optimum open areas, and their effectiveness was assessed by airflow modelling, laboratory tests and field measurements in occupied offices. Purpose-designed trickle ventilators, sized according to these criteria and incorporated in the overall ventilation strategy of an office building, can provide the required background ventilation during the heating season without compromising thermal comfort. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/00 - Green buildings revisited - in two parts

8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £14.00 |

IP13/01 - Preservative treated timber: The UK's code of best practice

The EU’s Public Procurement Directives require public bodies and utility companies to specify in terms of European standards where these exist. (European standards adopted as British Standards will be referred to as British Standards or specifically identified by BS EN prefixes.) Therefore, to specify timber treated with preservatives, the system described in BS EN 351-1 must be used. European standards for the preservative treatment of timber are written in terms of the results of the treatment process rather than the process itself; to check compliance with this type of specification, a clear interpretation of the standards is needed for both specifier and treater. This Information Paper presents progress in the review of the BSI’s Draft for Development 239 (DD 239), the UK’s interpretative guidance document. It complements IP 6/99, and the earlier papers IP 4/97, IP 9/96 and IP 11/92. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/02 - Sustainability lessons from private finance and similar private initiatives

How has sustainability been incorporated into Private Finance Initiative/Public Private Partnerships projects? The issues are examined across a range of sectors: hospitals, schools, infrastructure and public buildings. The paper comments on the lessons learnt, pitfalls and opportunities. It shows that: sustainability can be included in project briefs and reduce whole life costs; a positive approach to sustainability can be the crucial factor when evaluating bids; there is a link between functionality and sustainability. The paper provides a summary checklist of the opportunities and pitfalls of integrating sustainability into the PFI/PPP process. It will inform those involved in PFI/PPP schemes of how to take advantage of lessons learnt from previous projects. Case studies: the Croydon Tramlink; the Great Western Hospital, Swindon; Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle; Barnhill School, Hillingdon; Pullar House, Perth. The case studies were compared against Movement for Innovation (M4I) indicators to provide a quantitive measure of their sustainability. 10 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/08 Part 1 - An introduction to intelligent buildings: Part 1 - Benefits and technology

This Information Paper is the first in a two-part set that provides an introduction to intelligent buildings. This part gives an overview of the potential benefits, the technologies, potential applications and how these are delivered, and explains some of the jargon used; Part 2 outlines some of the relevant legislation and summarises essential points to consider when designing intelligent buildings.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/08 Part 2 - An introduction to intelligent buildings: Part 2 - Legislation, planning and design

This Information Paper is the second in a two-part set that provides an introduction to intelligent buildings. This part outlines some of the relevant legislation and summarises essential points to consider when designing intelligent buildings; Part 1 gives an overview of the potential benefits, the technologies, potential applications and how these are delivered, and explains some of the jargon used.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/85 - Using experience and publications in building design

Based on a study of live architectural practices, this paper describes how designers work, how they use experience and publications, and how they learn through practice. A checklist for individual designers recommends how to make better use of experience and publications. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/86 - A review of gale damage to buildings in the UK

On average, 200,000 buildings are damaged by high winds every year in the UK. The types of wind damage which have occurred to buildings and the features of construction which have made them more susceptible to damage are discussed, along with steps which could be taken to reduce wind damage to buildings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/87 - Ventilating cold deck flat roofs

Suggests that there is need for increasing ventilation where natural draught ventilation is low or where roofs are complex. Offers guidance for designers and maintenance managers. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/89 - Energy-efficient factories: design and performance

BRE’s assessment of, and the increased energy efficiency that can be achieved in, factories built with higher standards of insulation than those required by the Building Regulations. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/90 - Corrosion of steel wall ties: recognition and inspection

This paper describes how to recognise and assess wall tie corrosion in the field. Ten photographs show typical cracking and spalling patterns. Other forms of deterioration, particularly sulphate attack and moisture movement, cause damage that can be confused with wall-tie failure. Methods of inspection to confirm wall-tie problems are briefly covered but are described in more depth in Digest 329(DG329). 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/91 - Energy-efficient rehabilitation of pre-1919 housing

Summarises the principal opportunities for improving energy efficiency in older inner-city housing and describes the benefits of such improvements. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/92 - False alarms from automatic fire detection systems

Outlines the conclusions of a study on the false alarms from AFDS. Stresses the importance of people and their behaviour as well as the design characteristics of the system. Presents quantitative data concerning the effects of electrical storms. Suggests measure to reduce the nuisance of fire alarms. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/93 - Hard-water scale in hot water storage cylinders

Examines the formation of scale, usually calcium carbonate, in once-through hot water storage cylinders, and makes design recommendations to minimise scale deposition and its effects. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/94 - Passive stack ventilation systems: design and installation

Passive stack ventilation is a means of removing unwanted moisture from dwellings. The proper design and installation of these systems is vital to their successful performance. This paper gives detailed guidance on this subject and is in support of the 1995 edition of the Approved Document to Part F of the Building Regulations. 6 pages. Supplied as a black and white photocopy

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP13/95 - The passive gas tracer method for monitoring ventilation rates in buildings

BRE has developed a new technique for measuring time-averaged ventilation rates in occupied buildings using a perfluorocarbon tracer gas. The new technique has the potential to allow routine performance monitoring of both natural ventilation and forced air supply systems, thereby helping users to save energy and to meet the health, safety and comfort requirements of the building’s occupants. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/00 - Hospitals in the best light: an introduction to hospital lighting

9 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/01 - Durability of timber in ground contact

Reliable classification and characterisation of the natural durability of timber species, and the effectiveness of preservative treatments, take several decades. They are essential, though, to provide a basis for robust specification of timber for use in construction and for satisfactory service life. This paper reports recent findings from a programme of long term testing at BRE to benchmark the performance of timber in ground contact. It concludes that most of the new hardwood species becoming available in the UK market are, in fact, of limited durability. It recognises, though, that treatment can extend the service life of many softwood species, and also concludes that a significant improvement in the service life of treated spruce in ground contact situations can be achieved by incising prior to treatment.This paper complements IP 6/99, IP 2/01 and Digest 429. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/80 - Grumixava (Micropholis gardnerianum)

Describes properties and uses of this Brazilian timber. 2 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/81 - Cost and performance of solar water-heating systems in the UK

Experience of installing over 80 solar water heating systems in single family dwellings is analysed to assess the potential for cost reduction. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/82 - Trussed rafter roofs - load distributions and lateral stability

Summarises the load sharing capabilities of the components of a laboratory test roof constructed with fink trussed rafters. The lateral stability of the roof with different diagonal bracing systems in the plane of the rafters was assessed. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/84 - A new method for predicting energy saving from on/off photoelectric controls

Automatic daylight-linked lighting controls can reduce building energy costs if enough daylight is available on working areas during the year. This paper describes a new method, based on recent daylight measurements at BRE, to enable these energy savings to be predicted more accurately. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/86 - The gas engine driven heat pump dehumidification system at the Farnborough Recreation Centre

A 12-month monitoring period has demonstrated that the performance of a gas engine driven dehumidification system for an indoor swimming pool at the Farnborough Recreation Centre has exceeded design expectations and achieved a 70% saving in heating energy. The system itself and the economics of it are described here. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/87 - Inspecting steel-framed houses

Summarises BRE Report BR 113 ’Steel-framed and steel-clad houses: Inspection and assessment’. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/88 - Corrosion-protected and corrosion-resistant reinforcement in concrete

A description of the results and potential benefits of using corrosion-protected and corrosion-resistant reinforcement under various conditions, including chloride contamination. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/89 - The performance of condensing boilers in non-domestic dwellings

Monitoring of gas-fired condensing boilers providing space heating to hospital buildings on a widely-dispersed site has shown that the extra capital cost of these boilers compared with conventional plant was recouped by one year’s energy savings. Similar installations in offices, etc, should lead to payback periods of fewer than five years.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/90 - Non-uniform lighting: the prediction of illuminance distributions

Illuminance is the primary lighting design parameter and the prediction of illuminance distributions in a space is important, particularly for non-uniform lighting. This paper reviews the accuracy which can be achieved using currently available software together with manufacturers’ published lamp and luminaire data. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/91 - In-situ treatment of exterior joinery using boron-based implants

Describes the use of boron-based rods or tablets for the in-situ treatment of exterior joinery and recommends where to position these implants to give the best protection against further decay. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/92 - Cement-bonded particleboard

Describes the physical and mechanical properties of cement-bonded particleboard and summarises existing guidance on how it can be used successfully. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/93 - Daylighting requirements for display-screen equipment

Discusses the problems posed by the daylighting of workstations with display-screen equipment, and provides general guidance on how these problems can be addressed during design or refurbishment. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/95 - Phase-out of CFCs and HCFCs: options for owners and operators of air conditioning systems

This paper gives owners and operators of air conditioning systems advice on options for coping with the CFC and HCFC phase-outs and end-use controls. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP14/98 - Blocks with recycled aggregates: beam-and-block floors

Suspended floor systems constructed from inverted precast concrete T-beams with precast concrete block infill elements are a relatively new and expanding market. Infill blocks make only a minor contribution to the high performance achieved with such floors, and thus offer a low-risk route for the introduction of recycled aggregates. This paper details the results of a project in which blocks containing recycled aggregate were produced using conventional industrial plant and successfully tested in full-scale floor tests. It should be of interest to materials specifiers and the concrete/aggregate industry - particularly the precast and block industries and recyclers of construction and demolition materials. 5 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/00 - Water reducing admixtures in concrete

6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/01 - Standardised and prefabricated wiring for buildings - 2 part set

There are significant benefits in using standardised and prefabricated electrical and electronic wiring systems in buildings. Part 1 of this Information Paper focuses on the whole-life benefits of such systems, and ways of overcoming barriers to their more widespread use. Part 2 describes a number of case studies which highlight the savings that can be achieved. The case studies cover: power distribution to luminaires, air conditioning units and socket outlets; control of lighting, air conditioning and heating; category 5 and category 6 structured IT networks. Included are two examples of innovative infrared control systems. (8 pages per part.)

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £15.00 |

IP15/82 - Inspection and maintenance of flat and low-pitched timber roofs

Discusses the need for regular inspection of flat and low-pitched roofs which incorporate built-up beams or other composite timber structures. 2 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/83 - Emulsion-based formulation for remedial treatments against woodworm

Considers the overall performance of surface applied remedial treatment systems. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/85 - The effect of a rise of water table on the settlement of open-cast mining backfill

For those considering building on restored open-cast mining sites, this paper gives brief details of settlement monitored over a 10-year period while the water table rose 34 m through the backfill, and discusses the significance of the settlement measurements for building developments. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/86 - Weatherproof joints in large panel systems: flat roofs, balconies and deck accessways

Examines the typical faults occurring in horizontal weatherproofing membranes in large panel system dwellings and the most appropriate remedial measures. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/87 - Maintaining and improving steel houses

Highlights some of the key points in specifying and carrying out maintenance repair and improvement works. Brief advice on good practice is given. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/88 - Average daylighting factor: a simple basis for daylight design

Good design of windows should include planning for daylight at the early design stage. This paper describes formulae developed at BRE for calculating average daylight factor quickly and accurately. It will be especially useful in determining target glazing areas. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/89 - Electromagnetic compatibility of building services: towards a European standard

Advanced electronic controls used in building services can be affected by electrical noise from other sources. BRE has developed an electromagnetic compatibility standard for building services electronics. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/90 - Defects in local authority housing: results of building problems survey

The results of a survey of all local authorities in England and Wales in January 1989 which identified current building problems experienced in their housing stocks, both rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated. Comparison is made with a similar survey conducted in 1983. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/91 - Fire spread between caravans

Describes work carried out to examine the spacing difference between park homes (mobile homes) and holiday caravans. Ignitability tests were conducted on samples of caravan material and two complete caravans were fire tested. Construction materials, combustible items kept near the caravans and fire screens were factors considered. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/92 - Assessing the risk of sulfate attack on concrete in the ground

Links the data given in the 15-year report BR 164 on a study of the sulfate resistance of concrete with recommendations in the revised BRE Digest 363 on the use of concrete in sulfate soils and groundwaters. 4 pages. NB Digest 363 has now been replaced by Special Digest 1, SD1:2005.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/93 - Lighting uniformity: subjective studies

Three studies of people’s responses to electric lighting in a simulated office have proved valuable both in the current revision of the professional code for interior lighting in the UK and for draft European standards. This paper discusses the three studies, and gives guidance on acceptable illuminance variation from electric lighting in an office environment. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/95 - Potential carbon emission savings from energy efficiency in housing

This paper analyses the extent to which carbon emissions could be reduced by simple energy-efficiency measures in the housing stock. It will be of interest to those wishing to gain an overview of the scope for housing-related energy savings through increased efficiency. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP15/98 - Water conservation

Water conservation has become increasingly important in the UK as demand for water has increased and shortfalls in supply have occurred. There is growing public awareness of the scarcity of water in some areas of the UK and of its economic value. The benefits of conserving water include: maintaining the availability of the water supply during drought periods; reduced pumping and treatment costs (with associated energy savings); wastewater reduction, protection of the environment and the possible reduction in costs for the consumer. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/00 - Low-solvent primers: performance in construction steelwork

This Information Paper summarises data from a recent BRE project and experience from industry, to provide guidance on the selection, application and performance of low solvent content pre- and post- fabricated primers applied as temporary protection to prevent corrosion of structural steelwork. This Information Paper forms one of four addressing the issues of low-VOC coatings on a range of construction substrates. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/01 part 1 - Prefabricated housing in the UK. A case study: Murray Grove, Hackney

This Information Paper results from an industry-led project sponsored by DETR on innovation and best practice in flexible and modular residential construction. The Information Paper is in three parts: Parts 1 and 2 describe two case studies and Part 3 summarises the project. The main objective was to study modular construction in the context of flexible, adaptable and sustainable solutions to the changing demands of social housing and unpredictable future demographic demands. The case study in this part is Peabody Trust’s prefabricated housing development Murray Grove in Hackney. The development was completed in November 1999. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/01 part 2 - Prefabricated housing in the UK. A case study: CASPAR II, Leeds

This Information Paper results from an industry-led project sponsored by DETR on innovation and best practice in flexible and modular residential construction. The Information Paper is in three parts: Parts 1 and 2 describe two case studies and Part 3 summarises the project. The main objective was to study modular construction in the context of flexible, adaptable and sustainable solutions to the changing demands of social housing and unpredictable future demographic demands. The case study in this part is Joseph Rowntree’s Foundation prefabricated development CASPAR II in Leeds. The development was completed in March 2000. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/01 part 3 - Prefabricated housing in the UK. A summary paper

This Information Paper results from an industry-led project sponsored by DETR on innovation and best practice in flexible and modular residential construction. The Information Paper is in three parts: Parts 1 and 2 describe two case studies and Part 3 summarises the project. The main objective was to study modular construction in the context of flexible, adaptable and sustainable solutions to the changing demands of social housing and unpredictable future demographic demands. This part summarises the findings from the two other parts, the case studies of Peabody Trust’s development Murray Grove in London and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s development CASPAR II in Leeds, as well as other research carried out in the field, and gives guidance for future developments. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/80 - Migration figures from the NHS Central Register: adjustments for differences in age/sex recording

Analyses the age/sex distributions of inter-regional migrants, giving a series of weightings which may be used to adjust the NHS Central Register figures to give results more comparable with those obtained by the Census method. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/82 - The selection of window hardware by performance

Provides guidance on the selection by performance of selected items of hardware, namely hinges, fasteners and stays, for use on windows up to 1 sq m in area. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/85 - BREDEM: The BRE Domestic Energy Model

A summary of the report BR66 ’BREDEM - the BRE Domestic Energy Model - background, philosophy and description’. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/86 - Preloading uncompacted fills

For civil and structural engineers considering building on uncompacted fills. Describes how the load-carrying properties of uncompacted fills can be improved by a temporary preloading with a surcharge of fill. It discusses the effectiveness of preloading in different situations and outlines the principles involved in designing an adequate surcharge. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/87 - Maintaining paintwork on exterior timber

Exposure trials show the difficulty in achieving good performance from paints applied as maintenance coats on cleaned-up, weathered surfaces. Durability of maintenance coats not only varied markedly between different paints but in some cases was also affected by the type of clean-up method used.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/88 - Ties for cavity walls: new developments

The durability of galvanised mild-steel ties made before 1981 has been shown to be insufficient. This is a review of the history of the development of wall ties, and of recent improvements in materials specifications and performance; also of newer forms of tie which are described and illustrated. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/90 - The BRE low-energy office: an assessment of electric heating

The conclusions drawn from an assessment of the costs and benefits following installation of electric heating in BRE’s Low Energy Office. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/91 - Assisted means of escape of disabled people from fires in tall buildings

Describes the background to recent UK regulations and codes concerning improved access and fire escape facilities for disabled people. Shows how the concept of safe refuges associated with escape stairways or evacuation lifts can be employed as part of the evacuation strategy. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/92 - European concreting practice: Sweden

These papers review the various approaches to the construction of concrete structures. They provide the background information that will help UK construction professionals understand the requirements for harmonised European Standards and Codes. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/93 - Effects of alkali-silica reaction on concrete foundations

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is known to cause harmful changes in concrete. This paper describes its effects on concrete foundations, and gives examples of the structural problems caused by ASR. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/94 - Energy consumption in public and commercial buildings

An appraisal of the total delivered energy used to supply building services to UK public and commercial buildings in 1991. Estimates of the split of that energy between the different services and fuels are given for each of the major economic groups. This paper will interest those wanting a general overview of buildings-related carbon dioxide emissions and energy use. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/95 - The safety and environmental requirements of new refrigerants

This paper gives information and guidance on the safety and environmental requirements that are associated with the use of new refrigerants to replace CFCs and HCFCs in building air-conditioning systems. It also alerts designers, owners and operators to the requirements of the revised British Standard on refrigeration safety (BS 4434:1995) and to their statutory duties under UK health and safety legislation. 7 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP16/98 - Interior lighting calculations: a guide to computer programs

There are many computer programs that perform lighting calculations. They vary enormously in speed, sophistication and cost. Occasionally, surveys are published which compare programs in terms of their features. While these can be of direct benefit to purchasers, they tend to go out of date quickly, as new programs and new versions of old programs are released. This guide, therefore, does not focus on individual programs but on the issues which are common to all programs, and in particular the algorithms that underly them. Guidance is given on the features that are common to each type of program and on some of the extra features that may be useful to designers. This guide helps lighting designers to select appropriate interior lighting calculation software. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/00 - Advanced technologies for 21st Century building services

8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/81 - District heating combined with electricity generation: cost-effectiveness factors

Several issues which have a bearing on the cost-effectiveness of district heating with electricity generation (CHP/DH) are examined. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/84 - Timber stress grading machines

Describes general operation of machines, and specifically describes machines manufactured by MPC, Cook-Bolinder and Raute. 2 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/85 - The BRESTART self-adaptive optimum start algorithm

Describes the new optimum start algorithm BRESTART for control of heating plant in conventionally heated buildings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/86 - Investing in energy efficiency: 1. Appraisal techniques and assumptions

Reviews several investment appraisal techniques and discusses how they can be used to assess the economic benefits of different energy efficiency measures in housing. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/87 - Factory-applied priming paints for exterior joinery

The results of tests carried out to establish the performance of currently available factory applied primers and advice on their specification and use in joinery manufacture. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/88 - Ties for masonry cladding

Fixing systems appropriate to some of the common cladding situations are reviewed, together with the more recent improvements in both materials specifications and performance. Describes and illustrates forms of tie which are suitable for fixing new masonry to timber, concrete, steel and lightweight concrete slabs or blockwork. Remedial ties are also described. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/89 - Photoluminescent markings for escape routes

Guidance on the use of photoluminescent markings as an alternative or supplement to traditional emergency escape lighting. Aimed at those responsible for safety in buildings and, in particular, for the design of escape routes. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/91 - Statistical studies of fires

This paper summarises some recent statistical studies carried out by the Fire Research Station to consider deliberately started fires and fires in road vehicles and hospitals. First-aid firefighting (ie tackling the fire before the fire brigade arrives) and unreported fires are also examined. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/92 - European concreting practice: Italy

Provides a brief review of the Italian approach to the construction of concrete structures. It is intended to provide background information that will help UK construction professionals understand the requirements for harmonised European Standards and Codes. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/93 - Falls from domestic windows

This paper and its companion IP 18/93 summarise statistical studies of the occurrences of falls from windows and balconies using data from the Home Accident Surveillance System and coroners’ inquest notes. They describe the principal findings and likely implications for designers and occupiers of dwellings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP17/94 - Emergency wayfinding lighting systems in smoke

A summary of the interim findings of studies on the visibility of emergency lighting systems in smoke. This paper should be of interest to those concerned with the design of escape routes. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/00 - Ammonia refrigerant in buildings: minimising the hazards

6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/01 - Blastfurnace slag and steel slag: their use as aggregates

Blastfurnace slag and steel slag are widely used as aggregates, in particular for highways construction and maintenance. The various types of slag products have different properties and characteristics. This Information Paper provides specifiers and users with information on the types of slag products currently available and their recommended uses. This information is of particular interest to engineers involved in the construction and maintenance of highways, docks and similar paved areas. It includes some frequently asked questions, together with sources of further help and information, and codes and standards relevant to the production, testing and use of slag products. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/81 - Accidents involving glass in domestic doors and windows: some implications for design

Describes some of the findings of a BRE study of accidents involving glass in doors and windows and suggests some implications for designers and building occupiers. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/82 - Traditional housing: a BRE study of quality

Summarises the lengthy BRE study on traditional housing, explaining the reasons for the study, its aims and its end-products. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/84 - Cypermethrin: a new insecticide for wood preservation

Summarises the data obtained on the use of the pyrethroid cypermethrin in preventative and remedial wood preservative formulations. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/85 - Design stresses for timber; background to BS 5268:Part 2

The 1984 revision of the structural code for timber incorporates revised grade stresses and a new system for classifying the strength of timber. This paper outlines the reasons for these changes and explains the new method of deriving grade stresses. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/86 - Passive fire precautions in LPS blocks of flats and maisonettes

General guidance on features which may need consideration when the conditions of large panel system dwellings are being examined for structural fire protection and means of escape. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/87 - Assessing the life hazard from burning sandwich panels

The Fire Research Station has developed a method of quantifying the extent of risk from lightweight sandwich panels and hence of providing a basis for improving the design of such components. This method is described here. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/88 - Domestic mechanical ventilation: guidelines for designers and installers

Guidelines are given on the design and installation of mechanical ventilation in typical UK housing, covering ducted extract systems and balanced supply and extract systems, with or without heat recovery. Characteristics of the dwelling, heating and ventilation systems, controls, fire precautions, installation, cleaning and maintenance are included. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/91 - The environmental impact of buildings

Describes the current major environmental issues arising from buildings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/92 - Sound insulation and the 1992 edition of Approved Document E

In the 1992 revision to Approved Document E, the technical specifications in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have been harmonised. There are two new sections, one describing an additional approval procedure based on full-sized mock-up tests, the other dealing with material change of the use of a dwelling. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/93 - Falls from domestic balconies

This paper and its companion IP 17/93 summarise statistical studies of the occurrences of falls from windows and balconies using data from the Home Accident Surveillance System and coroners’ inquest notes. They describe the principal findings and likely implications for designers and occupiers of dwellings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/94 - The role of windows in domestic burglary

In at least half of all domestic burglaries entry is gained through ground-floor windows. This paper describes a study designed to test current thinking on how window design affects the way burglars operate. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP18/98 - Stone cladding panels: in-situ weathering

As new sawing techniques become available, the use of thin stone cladding has been increasing. But the failure of some cladding indicates that more needs to be understood about its performance. This paper outlines recent research findings that have identified a number of areas where extra care is required from the designer and contractor. This research demonstrates the importance of reliable guidance for the selection and use of this type of stone cladding. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/00 - Five-storey timber-frame hall of residence: a reconstruction case study

This Information Paper describes the design and construction challenges for a replacement student hall of residence on the esplanade of Aberystwyth. The case study focuses on the key features of the project with special attention given to the 5-storey timber-frame structure. The building had to be designed and built in the shortest practicable time, and the listed stone facade of the original building had to be reconstructed to match the neighbouring building. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/01 - The performance of fibre cement slates - Effects of condensation

Changes in construction methods and materials such as ’breathable’ membranes and high performance thermal insulation, introduce new issues for the integrity of buildings. One of these issues is cyclic condensation in the batten void of roofs and possible adverse effects on fibre cement slates. This Information Paper describes tests to determine whether fibre cement slates deform or lose strength following two months of cyclic condensation. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/81 - Assessment of hard body impact resistance of external walls

Summarises the research which has led to the development of an assessment method for estimating the resistance of wall claddings to impacts from hard objects, and the background to proposals for appropriate levels of impact resistance for particular cladding uses. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/82 - Considerations in the design of timber flat roofs

Draws attention to some of the problems which can arise with timber-based roofs and gives guidance on how these problems might be prevented in future. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/84 - A test rig for proof-testing building components against wind loads

Describes a test rig developed at BRE to generate suction loads in any plane on most non-porous substances. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/86 - Controlling deathwatch beetle

Because deathwatch beetle can cause structural damage, wood which is infested requires urgent examination and usually an effective insecticidal treatment. This Information Paper, an update of previous guidance, evaluates the control measures which are in current use and provides an outline approach to remedial treatment. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/87 - Classes of imposed floor loads for warehouses

Describes a new and more appropriate classification for use in the specification of warehouse floor loading. It has been developed from work on ground-bearing concrete slabs, but it is equally applicable to the specification of suspended slabs, either at ground level or in multi-storey construction. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/88 - House inspection for dampness: a first step to remedial treatment for wood rot

Gives advice on house inspection to identify building faults or lack of maintenance and on location of timbers which may be at risk from wood rot. Although focussing on problems associated with older, traditionally built houses, the broad approach to inspection applies to most types of construction. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/89 - Condensing boilers: reduced space-heating costs in large residential dwellings

Owners of buildings in which space heating is provided by centralised, gas-fired plants can reduce costs with highly efficient condensing boilers. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/92 - Wood-based panel products: moisture effects and assessing the risk of decay

Suggests how the risk of decay can be assessed using data derived from laboratory tests.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/93 - Domestic burglaries: the burglar's view

This paper, the first of two, provides a picture of burglar behaviour. It summarises the results from a project in which burglars’ methods were assessed in relation to police-approved crime-prevention measures. It offers a model of the burglar’s decision-making process, which can play an important role in risk analysis for building-related crime. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP19/94 - Condensing boilers: a review of their performance in practice

Condensing boilers are more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional plant. This paper summarises the results of extensive studies of condensing boiler installations, and demonstrates that they can be a highly cost-effective way of saving energy. It will be of interest to building designers, owners and users, and to services specialists. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/01 - Evaluating joinery preservatives: performance prediction using BS EN 330 L-joint trials

The latest findings from BRE’s programme of long-term field testing of timber out of contact with the ground are presented. This shows that new active ingredients for joinery preservatives are able to provide increases in the service life of timber joinery, while offering improvements in certain health and safety respects. The tests also show that spruce is innately more durable as a joinery timber than Scots pine sapwood, confirm that application of solvent-borne preservatives by means of double-vacuum treatment is more effective than immersion treatment, and indicate that the use of simple water-repellent treatments alone without active ingredients may not provide sufficiently effective protection against decay. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/08 - New build and refurbishment in the Sustainable Communities Plan

More new homes are needed in the UK, and the government’s Sustainable Communities Plan identifies areas of run down older housing for regeneration. But is mass clearance the most sustainable way to create lasting communities for the future? This Information Paper is a summary of the conclusions of research by the College of Estate Management, sponsored by BRE Trust, into the relative advantages of the two approaches to housing renewal - demolition and renewal, or refurbishment.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/09 - Structural composite connections for sequential seismic and fire performance

This paper provides information on the design and detailing of two types of composite beam-to-column connection specifically designed to achieve seismic resistance and fire resistance through a multi-objective, performance-based design approach. The adequacy of the connections has been demonstrated by experimental testing and numerical studies. The connections have been developed as part of a collaborative European project to develop fundamental data, design procedures and promote ductile and fire resistant composite beam-to-column connections.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £12.00 |

IP2/80 - Roofs as barriers to fire

Discusses how roofs may be required to satisfy various needs with regard to structural fire precautions which may arise because of: possible ignition and extensive flame spread over the external surface caused by heat radiated by a fire in an adjacent building, and the need to prevent a fire inside a building spreading to a nearby building or an upper part of the same building. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/81 - The selection of doors and doorsets by performance

In the absence of generally-available guidance, this paper provides information to aid specifiers in the selection of doors and doorsets. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/82 - Ergonomic requirements for windows and doors

Suggets ergonomic requirements for windows and doors, derived from test data on the functional strength of people. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/84 - Canafistula (Peltophorum vogelianum)

Describes the source of this commercially new timber from South America, its properties and possible uses. 2 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/85 - Performance of a PSA trial energy management system

Provides a detailed assessment of energy and other savings achieved in a medium-sized conventionally heated Government office building after the installation of a microprocessor-based energy management system (EMS) by the Property Services Agency. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/86 - Porous aggregates in concrete: Jurassic limestones

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/87 - Fire and explosion hazards associated with redevelopment of contaminated land

Describes two examples of reclamation of contaminated land, dealing with the explosion and toxic hazards associated with redevopment on these sites. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/88 - Rain penetration of cavity walls: report of a survey of properties in England and Wales

During the winter of 1983/84, the number of reports of rain penetration of insulated cavity walls seemed unusually high. A survey carried out by BRE, collaborating with BBA, BEC and NHBC, confirmed an increase, concentrated in places where exceptional weather had been recorded. In nearly every case there was also a construction or design fault. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/89 - Thermal performance of lightweight inverted warm-deck flat roofs

BRE research shows that an inverted warm-deck roof combined with a lightweight deck can, during rainfall, lead to reduced thermal performance and the risk of condensation in the roof. The paper explains that a simple design modification could reduce this. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/90 - Greenhouse-gas emissions and buildings in the United Kingdom

The authors explore the relationship between building energy use and the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. They also consider the scope for reducing CO2 emissions through applying energy efficiency measures in existing buildings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/92 - Factory-applied stain basecoats for exterior joinery

Trials have shown a wide disparity in the weather resistance of stain basecoats which can have major implications for the service life of joinery finishes. Advice is given on the selection and use of stain basecoats. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/93 - Industrial building refurbishments: opportunities for energy efficiency

Describes the results of market research into refurbishment, motivation and attitudes. Assesses opportunities for energy efficiency and discusses why this is often neglected. Relevant to policies, planning and project proposals of anyone involved in refurbishment of industrial buildings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/94 - Energy efficiency in schools

Schools could save money and benefit the environment if their buildings were made more energy-efficient. It is not widely recognised that many energy-saving measures are simple and inexpensive, and that they could be cost-effectively incorporated in a programme of routine maintenance and refurbishment. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/95 - Guidance for engineers conducting static load tests on building structures

The loading regime adopted for a load test must reflect the load environment of the structure being tested, and in particular whether this environment is predominately static or dynamic. This paper gives guidance on whether the response of a structure can be regarded as static, and it offers recommendations for static load tests, including interpretation and safety considerations. It will help engineers to formulate suitable test programmes. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/96 - An assessment of exterior medium density fibreboard (MDF)

This paper provides information on the performance of one MDF product exposed to natural weathering conditions for five years and subjected to accelerated laboratory tests. These tests were designed to predict the eventual performance of boards under natural exposure conditions. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP2/98 - Mortars for blockwork: Improved thermal performance.

The introduction of more stringent thermal buildings regulations may increase the use of lightweight and thin layer mortar which reduce the thermal transmittance of walling (blockwork). Little experimental information is available, so data have been collected both from relevant literature and from testing mortar samples and blockwork wallettes. The use of lightweight and thin layer mortars seems unlikely to have a significantly adverse effect on the strength of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry, except that the flexural strength of lightweight blockwork is likely to be lower than that of traditional masonry. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/00 - Accelerated carbonation testing of concrete.

This Information Paper provides guidance to users of accelerated carbonation tests on sources of variability, and recommendations on test conditions. The data shows that accelerated carbonation can be used successfully to rank concretes in order of carbonation resistance and to estimate carbonation depths under natural indoor conditions. However, particular attention is required by the user to the accelerated test conditions to ensure consistent results. 12 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/01 - Temperature and humidity in batten voids

Changes in construction methods and materials, such as breathable membranes and high peformance thermal insulation, introduce new issues for the integrity of buildings. This Information Paper describes measurements within batten voids to determine the conditions in which condensation occurs; and whether the condensation leads, in turn, to increased levels of moisture in battens. In theory, there could be risks of condensation in batten voids which may affect the moisture content of battens. 12 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/85 - The behaviour of people in fire

This paper suggests how the range of people’s reactions must be considered along with the relevant fire legislation when buildings are designed if the effects of smoke and heat are to be reduced for the occupants of a building. Aimed at architects and designers as well as fire prevention officers and safety officers. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/86 - Investing in energy efficiency: 2. Existing housing

Uses the appraisal technique described in Information Paper 17/86 to assess the economic value of several energy efficiency measures applied to existing housing. Examples are given for loft insulation, wall insulation, double glazing and reflective foil behind radiators. The basic procedure is explained and sources of further information given. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/87 - External joinery: end-grain sealers and moisture control

Effective moisture control is essential for maintaining the integrity of external joinery and achieving good paint performance, best achieved by sealing the end-grain of joinery components before assembly. This paper reviews the effect of end-grain sealing on the performance of external joinery. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/88 - Timber scaffold boards - reducing the incidence of site injury

Explains the main causes of scaffold board failure and emphasises the attention and care that must be taken in purchase, handling and maintenance of boards. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/89 - An energy-efficient refurbishment of electrically heated high-rise flats

Describes the results and lessons learned from the extensive monitoring of two blocks of high-rise flats which had a comprehensive package of energy efficiency measures included as part of a major refurbishment programme. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/92 - Energy use in office buildings

Reviews average and ’good practice’ energy use and costs in four types of office building. Analyses energy consumption by various end-uses in typical and good practice buildings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/93 - Domestic burglaries: the police view

This paper, the second of two, provides a picture of current crime-prevention advice and describes how it relates to patterns of burglar behaviour. It suggests that a flexible risk model can be applied to specific buildings to reduce the risk of burglary and related crime. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP20/94 - Energy use in the housing stock

This paper provides information about energy use and energy efficiency trends in British homes since 1970. It demonstrates that energy efficiency measures have played a very important part in keeping average dwelling energy consumption relatively constant and in helping to reduce associated carbon dioxide emissions, while also making it possible to achieve improved levels of service.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP21/82 - Moisture relations in timber-framed walls

Examines the effects of different types of occupancy on the moisture levels within the external walls of timber-framed houses. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP21/86 - Determination of the chloride and cement contents of hardened concrete

Gives guidance on the locations and frequency of sampling, on the removal of samples from the concrete structure, on simplified on-site methods for determining the chloride and cement ent of samples and on presentation of the results. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP21/88 - Thermal bowing in fire and how it affects building design

During a fire, heat can affect one side of a wall or floor leading to differential thermal expansion and bowing. Data from experimental and theoretical work can be used in the design of buildings to reduce the detrimental effect of thermal bowing in, for example, tall walls. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP21/92 - Spillage of flue gases from open-flued combustion appliances

Spillage of burnt gases into a room can be hazardous as some of them are toxic and combustion appliances are generally installed in habitable rooms. This paper explains the cause of spillage and gives advice on how to ensure that open-flued appliances will not give rise to spillage. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP21/93 - The noise climate around our homes

Reports on a noise incidence study undertaken to establish the noise climate outside homes in England and Wales. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP22/79 - Difficulties in painting Fletton Bricks

Good paint performance on Fletton brick is difficult to achieve. This Information Paper suggests possible alternative types of brick that may provide a more suitable surface for painting. It also recommends ways of remedying failed painted surfaces. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP22/84 - Smoke spread within a building

Based on fire studies conducted by the Fire Investigation Section at the Fire Research Station, this paper is concerned with the spread of smoke to areas beyond the source, its implications for life safety and, to a lesser extent, property damage. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP22/86 - Investing in energy efficiency: 3. New housing

The third of a short series of Information Papers concerned with the economic assessment of energy efficiency measures in housing. This paper examines the effects of installing additional thermal insulation or maximising solar energy heating in a ’standard’ semi-detached house. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP22/88 - Energy efficiency in the housing stock

BREHOMES is a model of energy use in the UK housing stock developed by BRE. Results from various surveys are presented in this paper which is addressed to all those concerned with improving energy efficiency in buildings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP22/93 - Effects of environmental noise on people at home

This paper will be of interest to all those involved in the assessment of environmental noise and the design and assessment of housing. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP23/81 - Buildings and tropical windstorms

Every year severe tropical windstorms occur causing extensive damage and disruption of communities. Examples are given of damage to different types of buildings, and the nature of the windflow around them is discussed. Advice is given on the assessment of wind loads, and on the design and construction of buildings to resist windstorms. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP23/89 - CFCs and the building industry

A review of how and when the ban on CFCs and halons - now accepted as contributors to depletion of the atmosphere’s ozone layer and to the greenhouse effect - will affect the production and use of refrigeration and air conditioning plant, thermal insulation materials and fire-fighting equipment. 5 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP23/93 - Measuring daylight

People like daylight in buildings, and daylight can make a building more energy-efficient. This paper draws on measurements made at BRE to illustrate the changing nature of light from the sky. It gives advice on how to measure daylight under the real sky or an artificial sky. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP24/82 - Field measurements of the effect of plastered lightweight masonry inner leaves on the sound insulation of plastered brick and dense blockwork party walls

Results for plastered brick and dense blockwork party walls associated with plastered lightweight masonry inner leaves of external walls are here compared with earlier results from similar party walls associated with heavier masonry or lightweight panelling external wall leaves to find whether sound insulation is reduced. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP24/86 - Preservative treating veneer plywood against decay

For certain uses, where there is an identifiable risk of decay, plywood may need to be treated with wood preservative. To assist suppliers and users of treated plywood this Information Paper discusses the treatment methods available and makes general recommendations based on laboratory trials on treatability and decay resistance.4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP24/93 - New ways of predicting discomfort glare

When a range of luminances is too great, people may experience discomfort glare with possible adverse implications. This paper summarises the three major international models used to calculate discomfort glare, and reports on the development of a single, unified glare rating system based on them. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP25/80 - Fire performance of loft insulating materials

Outlines fire behaviour and required performance of various loft insulating materials. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP25/81 - The selection and performance of sealants

Summarises the principal criteria for the selection of sealants, relating these to a general design procedure for building joints. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP26/81 - Solar reflective paints

Provides guidance on the merits of using solar reflective paints and other solar reflective treatments. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP28/81 - Quality control on building sites

Observations of building site staff on 27 sites which reveals how problems arose and if/how they were effectively solved. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP29/79 - Replacement of cavity wall ties using resin-grouted stainless steel rods

In the maintenance of buildings there is sometimes a need for a method for tying the two leaves of an existing cavity wall without resorting to demolition and reconstruction of the non-loadbearing leaf. This paper describes the method using resin-grouted stainless steel rods. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP29/81 - Fibre-reinforced lightweight inorganic materials

Discusses the potential of alkali-resistant and other glass fibres as substitutes for asbestos in low density products. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/01 - Dynamic stiffness of wall ties used in masonry cavity walls: measurement procedure

The sound insulation of separating masonry cavity walls is partly determined by the number and the dynamic stiffness of the wall ties used to connect their two leaves. All wall ties conforming to current British Standards have a drip to prevent water passing across them from the outer to the inner leaf. The presence of these drips means that the dynamic stiffness of the wall ties cannot be calculated from their dimensions and material properties. In addition, the dynamic stiffness depends on the width of the cavity in which the wall tie is used. Therefore, the dynamic stiffness of wall ties needs to be measured experimentally. This paper describes such a measurement procedure. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/08 - Delivering sustainability objectives through planning.

This short paper shows how the BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) and the Code for Sustainable Homes are being used by local authorities to deliver their sustainable development objectives through the planning system. It outlines the findings of the workshop ’Sustainability through planning’, held at BRE on 17th July 2007, a chance for local authority planners to discuss how to encourage sustainable housing through the planning system. The paper summarises the topics that are covered in more detail in BR498. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/09 - Lessons learned from the Barratt Green House: delivering a zero carbon home using innovative concrete systems

This Information Paper is intended for housing professionals interested in the challenge of delivering housing to zero carbon standards. The Barratt Green House, winner of the 2007 Home for the Future competition, and built on the BRE Innovation Park, uses innovative concrete products to achieve this aspiration with the design and construction involving the application of concrete products in the building fabric. This publication discusses how zero CO2 emissions were achieved through the adoption of low carbon and renewable energy technologies. Finally, the Paper also brings together key conclusions and the wider lessons learned.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £15.00 |

IP3/10 - Sustainable refurbishment of non-traditional housing and pre-1920's solid wall housing

This Information Paper demonstrates that there is scope for improving SAP ratings and reducing carbon dioxide emissions during refurbishment of non-traditional and solid wall houses. Non-traditional housing (eg BISF, No Fines, Laing Easiform, Cornish) and pre-1920s solid wall houses are among the most difficult to bring up to modern energy performance standards. Example measures have been modelled on a typical property to demonstrate the carbon savings that are possible by taking a ’whole house’ approach. Other sustainability issues can also be addressed relatively easily during refurbishment, such as renewing windows, kitchens, bathrooms and electrics. This guidance is not restricted to social housing but can be applied to housing across all tenures.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £15.00 |

IP3/80 - The effect of a roof on a fire within a building

Discusses how roofs may be required to satisfy various needs with regard to structural fire precautions which may arise because of the possible effects of the roof on the fire spread within the building. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/84 - LOCAS - a control system for sawmills

This paper describes LOCAS (Laser Optimiser and Cant Alignment System): a system which has been developed to control automatically the conversion of sawlogs, reducing waste and increasing the use of high value timber. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/86 - Changes in Portland cement properties and their effect on concrete

Discusses how historical changes in OPC have resulted in significant increases in strength and Codes of Practice have increased permissable stresses in line with these enabling design for higher strengths at earlier stages. This could lead to less cement being used in design mixes. Advises that specifications need to make allowances for the changes to avoid any adverse effects on durability. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/87 - Solar dazzle reflected from sloping glazed facades

This paper presents a method which can be used at the design stage to calculate whether solar dazzle will result from a proposed building facade. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/89 - Subterranean fires in the UK - the problem

FRS survey into the incidence of subterranean fires in all types of site in the UK and in a range of materials, but mainly tipped domestic waste and coal waste. Many of the fires were difficult to control and a few could not be extinguished. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/90 - The U-value of ground floors: application to building regulations

Describes a method for obtaining the U-value of ground floors (including floors of irregular shape) from their area and perimeter measurements. A table shows the thickness of insulation to be applied to a floor to achieve a U-value of 0.45 W/m2K. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/91 - European concreting practice: West Germany

Contains a brief review of the West German approach to the production of durable concrete construction. It is intended to provide useful background information, for contractors, consultants and other construction professionals, in the movement towards harmonised European Standards and Codes of Practice. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/92 - Solvent vapour hazards during painting with white-spirit-borne eggshell paints

Describes the problem of solvent emission, and the effects of ventilation, surface area and temperature on solvent vapour levels. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/93 - Quality in new-build housing

Reports on research into the quality of new traditional housing, including special studies of particularly energy-efficient schemes. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/94 - The importance of indoor surface pollution in sick building syndrome

There is growing evidence that indoor surface pollution (ISP) is one of the causes of sick building syndrome. ISP includes contaminants such as dust, fibres and micro-organisms, which are deposited on building surfaces and in office furnishings. This paper addresses the relative importance for sick building syndrome of ISP and airborne pollution, and recommends ways to reduce ISP in offices. It will be of interest to researchers, building managers and occupational hygienists. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/95 - Comfort, control and energy efficiency in offices

In well designed and well managed buildings, comfort and energy efficiency can go together. Occupants should enjoy reasonable comfort under automatic control, but should also be able to alleviate discomfort manually when necessary. BRE studies show that improved controls for temperature, light and ventilation, will lead to energy savings. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/96 - Potential carbon emission savings from energy efficiency in commercial buildings

This paper presents an initial analysis of the extent to which carbon emissions could be reduced by the implementation of a few simple energy efficiency measures in the United Kingdom’s commercial buildings. 5 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/97 - Demonstration of re-use and recycling of materials: BRE energy efficient office of the future

This paper details a project to identify and study the practicalities of re-use and recycling, regarding commercial, operational and contractual issues. It provides valuable information for those concerned with demolition and waste management. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP3/98 - Daylight in atrium buildings

Daylight is an essential component of a visually attractive and energy efficient atrium building. Good control of electric lighting is vital for energy efficiency. Areas surrounding the atrium can suffer from poor penetration of natural light unless care is taken in design. Solar shading also needs to be considered. This paper explains the issues involved and gives guidance. It should be of interest to architects, engineers and their clients. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP30/79 - Site accounting for waste of materials

Describes a simple accounting system which involves a minimum of extra work whilst enabling builders to identify waste on site both as it occurs and while work is still in progress. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP34/79 - Exterior wood stains

Information is readily available on the characteristics and uses of exterior wood stains. This paper presents the current opinion on their performance and limitations, based on continuing research and considerable site expertise. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/01 - Reducing impact and structure-borne sound in buildings

Noise from neighbours is one of the principal causes of complaint about the indoor environment in dwellings. The noise is generated by airborne sound sources such as speech, or by impact sound sources such as footsteps on floors and stairs, banging doors and plumbing. This paper describes methods for reducing impact and structure-borne sound in buildings using both remedial treatments and design features; it replaces IP9/88. The advice will be mainly of use to architects, builders, and others concerned with designing new buildings or upgrading existing ones. 8 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/08 - Micro-wind turbines on house roofs

This information paper gives guidance on the optimum siting of micro-wind turbines above typical house roofs to maximise the wind energy potential and hence power output. Values of the wind speed-up factor are given for a range of heights and locations over the roofs. Examples of the methodologies for calculating the wind resources and annual power output are also given. It summarises the key points presented in detail in BRE Trust publication FB18. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/09 - Delivering sustainable development in the built environment

This Information Paper introduces the structure and process of the sustainable development framework that BRE Global has developed. The framework provides a practical approach to implementing national, regional and local planning policy requirements, and economic, environmental and social sustainability objectives for development projects in the built environment. It will enable developers, planning consultants and local planning authorities to demonstrate and verify the extent to which these requirements and objectives are met within masterplans put forward for planning approval. The role of regional sustainability checklists, GreenPrint and other compliant assessment methodologies within the framework is explained.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £12.00 |

IP4/10 - Delivering a sustainable masterplan

The aim of achieving a sustainable masterplan is to deliver a balanced outcome for a new development that addresses all the important issues, many of which depend on the local context and differ for every development. Sustainable masterplanning is an integrated process: sustainability cannot be treated as an ’add-on’ and many issues need to be considered, eg use of resources, enhancement of the site’s ecology, transport strategy, to give a few examples. Two of the tools available to help with this, the Sustainable Communities wheel and GreenPrint, are briefly discussed in this Information Paper, which is based on a short extract from Masterplanning science and technology parks: a BRE guide BR 505.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £12.00 |

IP4/81 - The performance of cavity wall ties

Based on the laboratory measurements of the thickness of zinc on some 150 wall ties removed from 80 buildings owned by the Property Services Agency and local authorities, typical lives are deduced for galvanised wall ties conforming to the minimum standards of BS 1243:1978. It is concluded that more durable ties are required for new construction but that the majority of existing buildings are sufficiently robust for wide-spread problems to be unlikely. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/84 - Performance specification for wall ties

The overall performance requirements for ties for masonry cavity walls and masonry cladding are discussed in the context of the current and future design environment. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/85 - Specifying plywood

Outlines the background to the development of BS 6566, its structure and aims. 3 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/86 - Ignition and growth of fire in a room

Based on years of research both in the UK and abroad, this paper provides vital background information for the understanding of how fires start and spread. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/87 - Fire safety considerations in the design of structural sandwich panels

Lightweight sandwich panels are being increasingly used in buildings. They often employ combustible foamed plastic cores which can, without careful design, introduce a life hazard if fire occurs. This paper will be of use to building designers and architects, as well as approved authorities and includes a checklist of design guidance. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/89 - Expert systems and the construction industry

BRE research into the application of expert systems to construction-related problems has shown that this technology can offer considerable benefits to the industry. The paper explains expert systems and their benefits, and identifies potential applications. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/91 - Improving the energy-efficient performance of high-rise housing

This paper draws on a survey of high-rise housing owned by ten local authorities, highlights some of the problems and suggests strategic improvements in the way buildings are refurbished and managed. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/92 - Site layout for sunlight and solar gain

Gives brief guidance on planning to achieve good access to sunlight and solar heat, both for buildings and the open spaces between them. Describes how to achieve optimum sunlight for new buildings on a development and how to avoid obstructing sunlight received by existing buildings and open spaces (e.g. gardens). 4 pages. For more detail, see the BRE report: Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight: a guide to good practice (ref BR209). 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/93 - A method of determining the state of desiccation in clay soils

The filter paper method of soil suction determination to establish the state of desiccation in clay soil profiles is increasingly used, but is not yet included in the British Standard for soil testing. This paper provides guidance for carrying out the test on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/94 - Water-borne coatings for exterior wood

Water-borne coatings for exterior wood are appropriate for most applications where exterior woodwork requires protection and decoration, but their properties and performance in use differ in many respects from those of traditional solvent-borne products. Describes the main types of water-borne coatings and summarises the requirements for their successful use. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/95 - A guide to the development of BREDEM

This paper describes the development of the BRE Domestic Energy Model (BREDEM). It acts as a guide to the different versions of the model and indicates the likely direction of future developments. 4 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/96 - Potential carbon emission savings from combined heat and power in buildings

This paper presents an initial analysis of the extent to which carbon emissions could be reduced through the application of combined heat and power in UK buildings. The results are of interest to those wishing to gain an overview of the scope for buildings-related energy savings through increased efficiency. 5 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |

IP4/97 - Preservative-treated timber for exterior joinery: applying the new European Standards

Complementing Digest 393 and IP 9/96, this paper details the treatment of four commercial softwoods with light organic solvent wood preservatives using schedules currently in use in the UK, and compares them with the probable requirements based upon new European Standards on wood preservation. 6 pages.

Price (inc. P&P to UK): £11.00 |